Isayensi Engemuva Kobuchwepheshe Be-LED: Asebenza Kanjani Ama-LED?

[Isingeniso]

Ezweni lanamuhla, ubuchwepheshe be-LED bukhona yonke indawo. Ikhanyisa amakhaya ethu, izimoto, imigwaqo, ngisho nezinto zethu zikagesi. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi yini eyenza ama-LED asebenze kahle futhi ahlale isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nemithombo yokukhanyisa evamile? Impendulo itholakala kusayensi ethakazelisayo etholakala kule mithombo yokukhanya emincane kodwa enamandla. Gxila kulesi sihloko ukuze uhlole ukuthi ama-LED asebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani eguqule imboni yokukhanyisa.

Izisekelo Zobuchwepheshe be-LED

Ama-Light Emitting Diode, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-LED, angamadivayisi e-semiconductor akhiqiza ukukhanya lapho umsinga kagesi udlula kuwo. Ngokungafani nezibani zendabuko ze-incandescent ezikhiqiza ukukhanya ngokushisisa umcu, ama-LED adala ukukhanya nge-electroluminescence—inqubo ehilela ukukhishwa kwama-photon lapho ama-electron ehlangana futhi nezimbobo ngaphakathi kwempahla ye-semiconductor. Lo mehluko oyisisekelo yilokho okunikeza ama-LED ukusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu nokuqina kwawo.

Ama-LED akhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zezinto ze-semiconductor—uhlobo lwe-p nohlobo lwe-n. Isendlalelo sohlobo lwe-p siqukethe izithwali zokushaja ezinhle (izimbobo), kuyilapho ungqimba lohlobo lwe-n luqukethe abathwali beshaji elibi (ama-electron). Uma kusetshenziswa i-voltage, ama-electron asuka kungqimba lohlobo lwe-n aya ngasesendlaleni sohlobo lwe-p, lapho ahlangana khona futhi nezimbobo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kabusha kukhipha amandla ngendlela yama-photons, okuwukukhanya esikubonayo.

Ukusebenza kahle kwama-LED kusuka ekhonweni lawo lokuguqula cishe wonke amandla kagesi abe ukukhanya, namandla amancane amoshwa njengokushisa. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ephawulekayo phezu kwama-incandescent bulb, lapho ingxenye enkulu yamandla ilahleka njengokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-LED anesikhathi eside sokuphila, ngokuvamile esidlula amahora angu-25,000 kuya kwangu-50,000, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokuphila samahora angu-1,000 sama-incandescent bulb.

Iqhaza lamaSemiconductors kuma-LED

Enhliziyweni yobuchwepheshe be-LED kukhona impahla ye-semiconductor, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe ngezinto ezifana ne-gallium, i-arsenic, ne-phosphorus. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ngobuchule futhi zisetshenziswe ukwenza umbala ofunekayo nokusebenza kahle kwe-LED.

Uma kufakwe ukungcola, izinto ze-semiconductor zingabonisa izakhiwo zikagesi ezihlukile. Kuma-LED, le nqubo ye-doping isetshenziselwa ukwakha izingqimba zohlobo lwe-p kanye nohlobo lwe-n okukhulunywe ngalo ekuqaleni. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-semiconductor kanye nezinto zokudotshwa kunquma ubude beza be-LED futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umbala wayo. Isibonelo, inhlanganisela ye-gallium nitride (GaN) ingakhiqiza ama-LED aluhlaza noma aluhlaza, kuyilapho i-gallium arsenide (GaAs) isetshenziselwa ama-LED abomvu.

Isici esisodwa esibalulekile sezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor kuma-LED amandla e-bandgap-umehluko wamandla phakathi kwebhendi ye-valence nebhendi yokuqhuba. I-bandgap energy isho umbala wokukhanya okukhishwayo. I-bandgap encane iphumela kumaza amade amade (ukukhanya okubomvu), kuyilapho i-bandgap enkulu ikhiqiza amaza amaza amafushane (ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma kwe-ultraviolet). Ngokulawula kahle amandla e-bandgap ngokukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-doping, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza ama-LED anemibala ehlukahlukene ngisho nokukhanya okumhlophe.

Ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kwama-LED nakho kuncike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yezinto ze-semiconductor. Izinto zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu ezinokukhubazeka okuncane zinika amandla ukuhlangana kabusha kwe-electron-hole okungcono, okuholela ekuphumeni kokukhanya okukhanyayo nokusebenza kahle kakhudlwana. Ukuthuthuka kwamasu okukhiqiza ama-semiconductor kuqhubekile nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokufinyeleleka kwama-LED, okwenza ukuthi afinyeleleke ezinhlelweni eziningi ezahlukene.

Indlela Ama-LED Akhiqiza Ngayo Imibala Ehlukahlukene

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zama-LED amandla awo okukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zemibala. Leli khono libangelwa uhlobo lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-semiconductor kanye nezinqubo ezithile ezisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwazo.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amandla e-bandgap we-semiconductor material adlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni umbala wokukhanya okukhishiwe. Ngokukhetha izinhlanganisela ezihlukene ze-semiconductor nezici ze-doping, abakhiqizi bangakha ama-LED akhipha ukukhanya kwamaza ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene ku-spectrum ebonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo:

- Ama-LED abomvu: Enziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs) noma i-aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).

- Ama-LED aluhlaza: Ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-indium gallium nitride (InGaN) noma i-gallium phosphide (GaP).

- Ama-LED aluhlaza: Imvamisa akhiwa nge-gallium nitride (GaN) noma i-indium gallium nitride (InGaN).

Ngaphezu kwama-LED anombala owodwa, ama-LED amhlophe adalwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Enye indlela evamile ihilela ukusebenzisa i-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eboshwe ngezinto ze-phosphor. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhishwa yi-LED kujabulisa i-phosphor, kuyenze ikhiphe ukukhanya okuphuzi. Inhlanganisela yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi kubangela umbono wokukhanya okumhlophe. Enye indlela iwukuhlanganisa ama-LED abomvu, aluhlaza, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (RGB) ephaketheni elilodwa, okuvumela ukulawula okunembile kombala ngamunye ukuze kukhiqizwe ukukhanya okumhlophe kwamazinga okushisa ahlukene nemibala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthuka kwakamuva kubuchwepheshe be-quantum dot kukhulise amandla ombala wama-LED. Amachashazi e-Quantum ayizinhlayiya ze-nanoscale semiconductor ezingakhipha ukukhanya kobude obuthile obukhethekile uma ujatshuliswa umthombo wokukhanya. Ngokuhlanganisa amachashazi e-quantum kuma-LED, abakhiqizi bangafinyelela ukunemba okuphezulu kombala nokusebenza kahle, okwenza ama-LED aguquguquke nakakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana nezikrini zokubonisa nokukhanyisa.

Izinzuzo LED Lighting

Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED sekuthole ukuthandwa kabanzi ngenxa yezinzuzo zako eziningi ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa bendabuko. Lezi zinzuzo zihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuphila isikhathi eside, umthelela wendawo, kanye nokuguquguquka.

Ukusebenza Kahle Kwezamandla: Ama-LED aziwa ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla kwawo. Baguqula iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lamandla kagesi libe ukukhanya uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent, ezimosha ingxenye enkulu yamandla njengokushisa. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kuhumusha ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa izikweletu zikagesi kubasebenzisi. Isibonelo, isibani se-LED singakhiqiza inani elifanayo lokukhanya njengesibani se-incandescent kuyilapho sisebenzisa ingxenyana yamandla kuphela.

Ubude bokuphila: Ubude bempilo obunwetshiwe bama-LED ngesinye isici esivelele. Nakuba ama-incandescent bulb ngokuvamile ehlala cishe amahora angu-1,000 kanye namalambu e-compact fluorescent (CFLs) cishe amahora angu-8,000, ama-LED angahlala amahora angu-25,000 kuya kwangu-50,000 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kunciphisa imvamisa yokushintshwa kwama-bulb, okwenza ama-LED abe isisombululo sokukhanyisa esingabizi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umthelela Wemvelo: Ama-LED ahambisana nemvelo ngezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, aziqukethe izinto eziyingozi njenge-mercury etholakala kuma-CFL. Okwesibili, ukusebenza kahle kwawo kwamandla kuholela ekukhiqizweni kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ephansi, okunomthelela ekuncishisweni kwekhabhoni nomthelela wemvelo. Okwesithathu, isikhathi eside sokuphila sama-LED siholela kuma-bulb ambalwa alahliwe, kunciphisa imfucuza kagesi.

Ukuhlukahluka: Ama-LED aguquguquka kakhulu futhi angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekukhanyisweni kwezindawo zokuhlala nezokuhweba kuya ekukhanyeni kwezimoto, kwezimboni, nangaphandle. Ziza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ezinobukhulu, nemibala eyahlukene, zibhekelela izidingo ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-LED angafiphaliswa kalula futhi anikeze ukukhanya okusheshayo, ngokungafani nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa obudinga isikhathi sokufudumala.

Ukuqina: Ama-LED angamadivayisi okukhanyisa esimo esiqinile angenazo izingxenye ezintekenteke njengemicu noma ingilazi. Lokhu kuqina kuzenza zimelane nokushaqeka, ukudlidliza, nomthelela wangaphandle, okuzenza zifanelekele izindawo ezimazombezombe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle.

I-Controllability: Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kungalawuleka kalula kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nokufiphala, ukulungisa umbala, nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezihlakaniphile. Leli zinga lokulawula livumela abasebenzisi ukuthi benze ukukhanya ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze kuhlangabezane nezidingo zabo ezithile, kuthuthukise ukunethezeka nokukhiqiza.

Amathrendi Azayo Nezinto Ezintsha Kubuchwepheshe Be-LED

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-LED buqhubeka nokuvela, amathrendi athokozisayo nezinto ezintsha zilolonga ikusasa lokukhanyisa. Lezi ntuthuko zithembisa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu nakakhulu, ukuguquguquka, nokuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe besimanje.

Ukukhanya Okukhaliphile: Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-LED nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile kushintsha indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa. Ama-Smart LED angalawulwa ukude ngama-smartphone, abasizi bezwi, nezinkundla ezizenzakalelayo. Abasebenzisi bangalungisa ukukhanya, umbala, namashejuli ukuze bakhe izindawo zokukhanyisa eziqondene nawe. Amasistimu okukhanyisa ahlakaniphile aphinde anikeze izici zokonga amandla, njengezinzwa ezinyakazayo nezibani eziguquguqukayo, ezilungisa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaleni kanye namazinga okukhanya emvelo.

Ukukhanyisa Okumaphakathi Kwabantu: Ukukhanyisa okumaphakathi komuntu kugxile ekulingiseni amaphethini okukhanya kwemini emvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle kanye nokukhiqiza. Ama-LED angahlelwa ukuthi ashintshe izinga lokushisa lombala nokuqina usuku lonke, ahambisane nesigqi sethu se-circadian. Le ndlela inenzuzo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zamahhovisi, ezikhungweni zezempilo, nasezindaweni zokuhlala, lapho ukukhanya kungase kuthinte isimo sengqondo, ukulala kanye nempilo yonke.

Ama-Micro-LED: Ubuchwepheshe be-Micro-LED wumkhuba osavelayo othembisa ukuguqula izibonisi nokukhanyisa. Ama-Micro-LED mancane, ayasebenza, futhi anikeza ukukhanya okuphakeme nokunemba kombala. Zihlolelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibukisweni ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu, kumadivayisi we-augmented reality (AR), kanye nezixazululo zokukhanyisa ezithuthukisiwe.

I-Quantum Dot LEDs (QLEDs): Ubuchwepheshe bechashazi be-Quantum buthuthukisa ukusebenza kombala kwama-LED. Ama-QLED asebenzisa amachashazi e-quantum ukuze akhiqize imibala enembayo negqamile, okuwenza afanelekele izibonisi ezinencazelo ephezulu nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanyisa ezidinga ukunikezwa kombala okunembile.

Ukusimama: Ukusimama kuhlala kungumshayeli oyinhloko ekusungulweni kwe-LED. Abacwaningi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezilungele imvelo kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ukuze kuncishiswe indawo ezungezile yama-LED. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe be-organic LED (OLED), obusebenzisa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ukuze kukhishwe ukukhanya.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwenzwa: Ama-LED afakwe izinzwa angaqoqa idatha mayelana nendawo ezungezile. Leli khono livula amathuba ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana namadolobha ahlakaniphile, lapho izibani zasemgwaqweni zingalungisa ukukhanya ngokusekelwe ezimeni zethrafikhi, nezilungiselelo zezimboni, lapho ukukhanya kungathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokusekelwe kokuhlala kanye nemisebenzi.

[Isiphetho]

Sengiphetha, isayensi ngemuva kobuchwepheshe be-LED iwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Kusukela kuzimiso eziyisisekelo zama-semiconductors kuya ekudalweni kwemibala egqamile kanye nezinzuzo eziningi ezinikezwa ngama-LED, lobu buchwepheshe buguqule indlela esikhanyisa ngayo umhlaba wethu. Njengoba sibheke esikhathini esizayo, intuthuko eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe be-LED ithembisa amathuba ajabulisayo nakakhulu, kusukela ekukhanyeni okuhlakaniphile kuye ezixazululweni eziqhubekayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunweba ukuphila kwamasistimu okukhanyisa, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, noma ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo yethu ngokukhanyisa okugxile komuntu, ama-LED aphambili ekuguqukeni kokukhanyisa okungabonisi zimpawu zokwehla.