ISayensi eNgemva kweTekhnoloji ye-LED: Zisebenza njani ii-LED?

[Intshayelelo]

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, itekhnoloji ye-LED ikho yonke indawo. Ikhanyisa amakhaya ethu, izithuthi, izitrato, kwanezixhobo zethu zombane. Kodwa ngaba ukhe wazibuza ukuba yintoni eyenza ii-LED zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zihlale ixesha elide xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo yokukhanya yendabuko? Impendulo ikwinzululwazi ebangel’ umdla ekule mithombo yokukhanya mincinane kodwa inamandla. Ngena kweli nqaku uphonononge indlela ii-LED ezisebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni ziguqule ishishini lokukhanyisa.

Iziseko zeTekhnoloji ye-LED

I-Light Emitting Diodes, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-LEDs, zizixhobo ze-semiconductor ezivelisa ukukhanya xa umbane udlula kuzo. Ngokungafaniyo nezibane zendabuko ezivelisa ukukhanya ngokufudumeza i-filament, ii-LED zenza ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa i-electroluminescence-inkqubo ebandakanya ukukhutshwa kweefotoni xa i-electron iphinda idibanisa kunye nemingxuma ngaphakathi kwempahla ye-semiconductor. Lo mahluko usisiseko yinto enika ii-LEDs ukusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kunye nokuqina.

Ii-LED zenziwe ngamacandelo amabini ezinto ze-semiconductor-uhlobo lwe-p kunye nohlobo lwe-n. Uluhlu lwe-p luqulethe abathwali bentlawulo emihle (imingxuma), ngelixa i-n-type layer iqulethe abathwali bentlawulo engalunganga (i-electron). Xa i-voltage isetyenziswa, ii-electron ezisuka kuhlobo lwe-n-type ziya kumaleko wohlobo lwe-p, apho ziphinda zihlangane kunye nemingxuma. Oku kuhlanganiswa kwakhona kukhupha amandla ngendlela yeefotoni, ezikukukhanya esikubonayo.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-LEDs kubangelwa kukukwazi ukuguqula phantse onke amandla ombane abe kukukhanya, amandla amancinci achithwa njengobushushu. Oku kuyinzuzo ebalulekileyo kwii-bulbs ze-incandescent, apho inxalenye enkulu yamandla ilahlekile njengobushushu. Ngapha koko, ii-LED zinobomi obude, zihlala zidlula iiyure ezingama-25,000 ukuya kwezingama-50,000, xa zithelekiswa nexesha leeyure eziyi-1,000 zobomi bezibane ze-incandescent.

Indima yeeSemiconductors kwii-LEDs

Embindini wetekhnoloji ye-LED kukho imathiriyeli ye-semiconductor, edla ngokuqulunqwa ngezinto ezifana ne-gallium, i-arsenic, kunye ne-phosphorus. Ezi zixhobo zikhethwe ngobuchule kwaye zisetyenziswe ukwenza umbala ofunekayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-LED.

Xa i-doped kunye nokungcola, izinto ze-semiconductor zingabonisa iimpawu zombane ezizodwa. Kwii-LEDs, le nkqubo ye-doping isetyenziselwa ukudala i-p-type kunye ne-n-type layers ekhankanywe ngaphambili. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ze-semiconductor kunye nezinto ze-doping zimisela ubude be-LED kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umbala wayo. Ngokomzekelo, indibaniselwano ye-gallium nitride (GaN) inokuvelisa ii-LED eziluhlaza okanye eziluhlaza, ngelixa i-gallium arsenide (GaAs) isetyenziselwa ii-LED ezibomvu.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yezixhobo ze-semiconductor kwii-LED yi-bandgap yamandla-umahluko wamandla phakathi kwebhendi ye-valence kunye nebhendi yokuqhuba. Amandla e-bandgap achaza umbala wokukhanya okukhutshiweyo. I-bandgap encinci ibangela ubude be-wavelengths (ukukhanya okubomvu), ngelixa i-bandgap enkulu ivelisa ubude obufutshane (ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-ultraviolet). Ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo amandla e-bandgap ngokukhethwa kwezinto kunye ne-doping, abavelisi banokuvelisa ii-LED zemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nokukhanya okumhlophe.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwee-LED kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wezinto ze-semiconductor. Izinto ezicoceke kakhulu ezineziphene ezincinci zenza ngcono ukudibanisa i-electron-hole, ekhokelela ekuphumeni okukhanyayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi. Ukuqhubela phambili kwiindlela zokuvelisa i-semiconductor kuye kwaqhubeka nokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokufikeleleka kwee-LED, okwenza ukuba zifikeleleke kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.

Indlela ii-LED ezivelisa ngayo imibala eyahlukileyo

Enye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo kwii-LEDs kukukwazi ukuvelisa uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala. Esi sixhobo siphumela kubume bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-semiconductor kunye neenkqubo ezithile ezisetyenzisiweyo ekwenziweni kwazo.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, amandla e-bandgap yezinto ze-semiconductor adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umbala wokukhanya okukhutshiweyo. Ngokukhetha iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor kunye nezinto ze-doping, abavelisi banokudala ii-LED ezikhupha ukukhanya kwamaza ahlukeneyo kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo. Umzekelo:

- Ii-LED ezibomvu: Zenziwe kwizinto ezifana ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs) okanye i-aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).

- Ii-LED eziluhlaza: Ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa i-indium gallium nitride (InGaN) okanye i-gallium phosphide (GaP).

- Ii-LED eziBlue: zihlala zakhiwe nge-gallium nitride (GaN) okanye i-indium gallium nitride (InGaN).

Ukongeza kwii-LED ezinombala omnye, ii-LED ezimhlophe zenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa i-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eboshwe ngezinto ze-phosphor. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhutshwe yi-LED kuyayivuyisa iphosphor, ibangela ukuba ikhuphe ukukhanya okutyheli. Ukudityaniswa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokutyheli kubangela imbono yokukhanya okumhlophe. Enye indlela kukudibanisa ii-LED ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (RGB) kwiphakheji enye, evumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lombala ngamnye ukuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe kobushushu obuhlukeneyo kunye nemibala.

Ngaphaya koko, inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwitekhnoloji ye-quantum dot yandise ngakumbi amandla ombala wee-LEDs. Amachaphaza e-quantum ngamasuntswana e-nanoscale semiconductor anokukhupha ukukhanya kobude obuthile bobude bamaza xa imincili ngumthombo wokukhanya. Ngokudibanisa amachaphaza e-quantum kwii-LED, abavelisi banokufezekisa ukuchaneka kombala ophezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, okwenza ii-LED zibe nezinto ezininzi ngakumbi kwizicelo ezifana nezikrini zokubonisa kunye nokukhanyisa.

Izinto eziluncedo zokuKhanya kwe-LED

Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kufumene ukuthandwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezininzi ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa bendabuko. Ezi zibonelelo zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwamandla, ubomi obude, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuguquguquka.

UFaneka amandla: Ii-LED zidume ngobuchule bazo obukhethekileyo bamandla. Baguqula ipesenti ephezulu kakhulu yamandla ombane ibe kukukhanya xa kuthelekiswa neebhalbhu ze-incandescent, ezichitha inxalenye enkulu yamandla njengobushushu. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuguqulela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokunciphisa amatyala ombane kubasebenzisi. Umzekelo, ibhalbhu ye-LED inokuvelisa umlinganiselo ofanayo wokukhanya njengebhalbhu ye-incandescent ngelixa isebenzisa kuphela iqhezu lamandla.

Ubomi obude: Ubomi obandisiweyo bee-LED lolunye uphawu olubalaseleyo. Ngelixa ii-incandescent bulbs zihlala malunga neeyure ezili-1,000 kunye nezibane ezixineneyo zefluorescent (CFLs) malunga neeyure ezingama-8,000, ii-LED zinokuhlala iiyure ezingama-25,000 ukuya kuma-50,000 nangaphezulu. Ubomi obude bunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kokutshintshwa kwebhalbhu, okwenza ii-LED zibe isisombululo sokukhanyisa esingabizi kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo: Ii-LED zihambelana nokusingqongileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, azinamathiriyeli eyingozi njengemekyuri efumaneka kwiiCFL. Okwesibini, ukuphumelela kwabo kwamandla kubangela ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ephantsi, igalelo ekunciphiseni i-carbon footprint kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Okwesithathu, ubomi obude bee-LED bukhokelela kwiibhalbhu ezimbalwa ezilahliweyo, ukunciphisa inkunkuma yombane.

I-Versatility: Ii-LED ziguquguquka kakhulu kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka ekukhanyeni kwendawo yokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ukuya kwiimoto, kwimizi-mveliso, kunye nezibane zangaphandle. Ziza ngokweemilo ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu, kunye nemibala, zilungiselela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphaya koko, ii-LED zinokufiphala ngokulula kwaye zinike ukukhanya kwangoko, ngokungafaniyo nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa obufuna ixesha lokufudumala.

Ukuqina: Ii-LED zizixhobo zokukhanyisa eziqinileyo ezingenazo izinto ezibuthathaka njengemicu okanye iglasi. Oku komelela kubenza baxhathise ngakumbi ukothuka, ukungcangcazela, kunye neempembelelo zangaphandle, kubenza bafanelekele indawo ezingqongileyo kunye nosetyenziso lwangaphandle.

Ukulawulwa: Ukukhanya kwe-LED kunokulawulwa ngokulula kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ephucukileyo efana nokuncipha, ukukhanya kombala, kunye neenkqubo zokukhanyisa ezikrelekrele. Eli nqanaba lolawulo livumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze ukukhanya ngokwezifiso ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo ezithile, ukuphucula induduzo kunye nemveliso.

Iindlela zexesha elizayo kunye nezinto ezintsha kwiTekhnoloji ye-LED

Njengoko itekhnoloji ye-LED iqhubeka nokuvela, iindlela ezinomdla kunye nezinto ezintsha zibumba ikamva lokukhanya. Ezi nkqubela zithembisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokudityaniswa nobuchwephesha bale mihla.

UkuKhanya okuhlakaniphile: Ukudityaniswa kwee-LED kunye nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile kuguqula indlela esisebenzisana ngayo neenkqubo zokukhanyisa. Ii-LED ze-Smart zinokulawulwa ukude ngee-smartphones, abancedisi belizwi, kunye namaqonga azenzekelayo. Abasebenzisi banokuhlengahlengisa ukuqaqamba, umbala, kunye neeshedyuli ukwenza iindawo zokukhanya zobuqu. Iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezihlakaniphile zikwabonelela ngeempawu zokonga amandla, njengezinzwa ezishukumayo kunye nezibane eziguquguqukayo, ezihlengahlengisa ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokuhlala kunye namanqanaba okukhanya kwendalo.

UkuKhanya okuPhakathi koMntu: Ukukhanyisa okuphakathi komntu kugxile ekulinganiseni iipateni zendalo zemini ukuze kuphuculwe impilontle kunye nemveliso. Ii-LED zinokucwangciswa ukuba zitshintshe ubushushu bombala kunye nokuqina imini yonke, zihambelane nezingqisho zethu ze-circadian. Le ndlela inenzuzo ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo zeofisi, iindawo zonyango, kunye neendawo zokuhlala, apho ukukhanya kunokuchaphazela isimo sengqondo, ukulala kunye nempilo yonke.

I-Micro-LEDs: Itekhnoloji ye-Micro-LED yindlela evelayo ethembisa ukuguqula imiboniso kunye nokukhanyisa. IiMicro-LED zincinci, ziyasebenza, kwaye zibonelela ngokuqaqamba okugqwesileyo kunye nokuchaneka kombala. Baphononongwa kwizicelo kwimiboniso ephezulu, izixhobo ze-augmented reality (AR), kunye nezisombululo zokukhanyisa eziphambili.

I-Quantum Dot LEDs (i-QLEDs): I-teknoloji ye-quantum dot iphucula ukusebenza kombala wee-LEDs. Ii-QLED zisebenzisa amachaphaza e-quantum ukuvelisa imibala echanekileyo kunye nedlamkileyo, iyenza ilungele ukuboniswa kwenkcazo ephezulu kunye nezicelo zokukhanyisa ezifuna ukunikezelwa kombala ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukuzinza: Ukuzinza kuhlala kungumqhubi ophambili kwi-LED innovation. Abaphandi basebenza ekuphuhliseni izinto ezihambelana ne-eco-friendly kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa ukunciphisa indawo yendalo ye-LEDs. Oku kubandakanya ukuhlola iteknoloji ye-LED (OLED) ye-organic, esebenzisa i-organic compounds ukuze ikhuphe ukukhanya.

Ukudityaniswa kweSensor: Ii-LED ezixhotyiswe ngeenzwa zinokuqokelela idatha malunga neendawo ezikuyo. Esi sikhundla sivula amathuba ezicelo ezifana nezixeko ezihlakaniphile, apho izibane zesitrato zinokuhlengahlengisa ukukhanya okusekwe kwiimeko zendlela, kunye noseto lwemizi-mveliso, apho ukukhanya kunokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokuhlala kunye nemisebenzi.

[Isiphelo]

Ukuqukumbela, isayensi emva kwetekhnoloji ye-LED ibubungqina bobuchule bomntu kunye nokutsha. Ukusuka kwimigaqo esisiseko yee-semiconductors ukuya ekudalweni kwemibala eqaqambileyo kunye neenzuzo ezininzi ezinikezelwa yi-LED, obu buchwepheshe buguqule indlela esikhanyisa ngayo ilizwe lethu. Njengoko sijonge kwikamva, ukuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji ye-LED kuthembisa amathuba anomdla ngakumbi, ukusuka kwisibane esilumkileyo ukuya kwizisombululo ezizinzileyo.

Nokuba kukwandisa ixesha lokuphila kweenkqubo zokukhanyisa, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, okanye ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi bethu ngokukhanyisa okuphakathi kwabantu, ii-LED ziphambili kwinguqu yokukhanyisa ebonisa ukuba akukho zimpawu zokucotha.