Isayensi Engemuva Kwezibani Zezintambo Ze-LED: Zisebenza Kanjani?

Izibani zezintambo ze-LED ziyisimangaliso sobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa besimanje, eziguqula izikhala ngobuhle bazo obubenyezelayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Noma ngabe okomcimbi wemikhosi, ubusuku obuzolile, noma ukukhanya okuzungezile ekhaya lakho, lezi zibani ezincane zibamba ukukhanga okukhulu. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi yini ebenza bakhetheke kangaka? Ithini isayensi yalezi zikhanyiso ezikhangayo? Ake sijule ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi kwezibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED ukuze sembule izimfihlo ezizenza zisebenze kahle futhi zihehe.

Iyini i-LED?

Enhliziyweni yamalambu entambo ye-LED kune-LED, noma i-Light Emitting Diode. Ngokungafani nama-incandescent bulbs, ama-LED awanciki kumcu ukuze akhiqize ukukhanya. Esikhundleni salokho, basebenza ngokususelwa kuzakhiwo zama-semiconductors. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula ku-semiconductor, akhipha ama-photon—amaphakethe amancane okukhanya—adale ukukhanya okubonakalayo.

I-semiconductor esetshenziswa kuma-LED ngokuvamile yenziwa ngezinto ezifana ne-gallium arsenide ne-gallium phosphide. Isakhiwo se-semiconductor sibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo. Idizayinelwe ngokuhlangana kwe-pn, lapho uhlangothi luka-“p” lugcwele abathwali beshaja ephozithivu (izimbobo) kanye nohlangothi luka-“n” lugcwele izithwali zokushaja ezingezinhle (ama-electron). Lapho amandla kagesi egeleza kulokhu kuhlangana, ama-electron asuka ohlangothini luka-“n” aye ohlangothini luka-“p”, aphinde ahlangane nezimbobo futhi akhiphe amandla ngendlela yokukhanya.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zama-LED ukusebenza kahle kwawo. Ama-incandescent bulbs achitha inani elikhulu lamandla njengokushisa, kuyilapho ama-LED enekhono lokuguqula iphesenti eliphezulu lamandla kagesi libe ukukhanya. Lokhu kuphumela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphansi ngeleveli efanayo yokukhanya futhi kuyisici esibalulekile ekwenzeni izibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED zibe yinketho ekhethwayo.

Esinye isici esiphawulekayo sama-LED ukuphila kwawo isikhathi eside. Nakuba izibani ze-incandescent zingahlala amahora ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela, ama-LED angasebenza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahora ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Lokhu kuqina, kuhlanganiswe nokuqina kwawo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, kwenza izibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED zibe ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhle kakhulu kwakho kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifushane nesikhathi eside.

Zisebenza Kanjani Izibani Zezintambo ze-LED?

Ukuze uqonde ukusebenza kwezibani zezintambo ze-LED, kubalulekile ukubheka izingxenye eziyisisekelo nokusebenza kwayo yonke isistimu. Isibani seyunithi yezinhlamvu ye-LED ngokuvamile sihlanganisa uchungechunge lwama-LED amancane axhunywe ochungechungeni noma amasekhethi ahambisanayo ngocingo oluguquguqukayo.

Ukucushwa kwezintambo kudlala indima ebalulekile endleleni izibani ezisebenza ngayo. Ekucushweni kochungechunge, okwamanje kugeleza ku-LED ngayinye ngokulandelana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma i-LED eyodwa ihluleka, ingathinta yonke intambo, kubangele ukuphuma kwamanye ama-LED. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-LED, izibani eziningi zezintambo ze-LED zesimanje zihlanganisa indlela ye-shunt evumela ukuthi okwamanje kudlule i-LED ehlulekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-LED asele ayaqhubeka nokusebenza.

Ekucushweni okufanayo, i-LED ngayinye ixhunywe ngokuzimela kumthombo wamandla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma i-LED eyodwa ihluleka, enye izoqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Nakuba amasekethe ahambisanayo angaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi angabizi kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa, anikeza ukwethembeka okukhulu futhi avame ukuncanyelwa izibani zezintambo ze-LED zekhwalithi ephezulu.

Umthombo wamandla wezibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED ungahluka. Ezinye izintambo ziklanyelwe ukuxhuma ngqo ezingxenyeni eziphuma odongeni, kanti ezinye zisebenza ngebhethri ukuze zithwaleke. Amandla kagesi adingekayo ukuze usebenzise ama-LED aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, ngokuvamile asukela ku-2 kuye ku-3 volts nge-LED ngayinye. Ezintanjeni ezixhumeka endaweni evamile kagesi yasendlini, isiguquli noma isilungisisi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ukuze kwehliswe amandla kagesi ukusuka ku-120 volts AC kuya ku-DC efanele edingwa ama-LED.

Amalambu ezintambo zesimanje ze-LED avame ukuza nezici ezengeziwe ezifana namandla okufiphalisa, izindlela zokushintsha umbala, nokusebenza kwesilawuli kude. Le misebenzi yenziwa yenzeke ngokuhlanganisa izilawuli ezincane nezinye izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi kumalambu ezintambo, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi benze ukukhanya ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze kuhambisane nezilungiselelo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezintandokazi.

Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-LED

Ubuchwepheshe obusemuva kwama-LED buye bashintsha kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo. Ama-LED angaphambi kwesikhathi ayekhawulelwe ezibanini ezibomvu ezinomfutho ophansi, kodwa namuhla, eza ngenqwaba yemibala nokuqina, enikeza izinketho eziningi kubathengi. Lokhu kwanda ku-spectrum yemibala ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yentuthuko ezintweni ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha i-semiconductor kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-phosphor.

Izibani eziningi ze-LED ezimhlophe zidalwe kusetshenziswa ama-LED aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anesendlalelo se-phosphor coating. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhishwa yi-LED kujabulisa i-phosphor, yona ekhipha ukukhanya okuphuzi. Inhlanganisela yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi ikhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe. Le ndlela iyasebenza futhi iguquguquka, ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-LED amhlophe afudumele, amhlophe apholile, nasemini ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwephosphor.

Ukusebenza kahle okuphakeme kungenye indawo lapho ubuchwepheshe be-LED bunezinyathelo ezithuthukisiwe nemingcele. Ukuqamba okusha okufana nokusetshenziswa kwamasinki okushisa asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ze-semiconductor kuye kwacindezela imingcele yokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuma-LED. Ama-LED asebenza kahle kakhulu akwazi ukuguqula amandla kagesi amaningi abe ukukhanya okungamoshwa kancane njengokushisa, okuhumushela ezindleko eziphansi zamandla kanye ne-carbon footprint encane.

Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile nezibani zezintambo ze-LED kungenye intuthuko ebalulekile. Ama-Smart LED angalawulwa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone, anikeze izici ezifana nokuhlela, ukulungisa imibala, nokuhlanganiswa ne-smart home ecosystem. Lokhu akuhlinzeki kalula nje kuphela kodwa futhi kwengeza isendlalelo sokusebenza esingathuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo nentuthuko emkhakheni wama-Organic LEDs (OLED) kanye nama-Quantum Dot LEDs (QD-LEDs) anesithembiso sempumelelo eyengeziwe. Ama-OLED ayavumelana nezimo futhi angakhiqiza ukukhanya okubukeka kwemvelo okwengeziwe, kuyilapho ama-QD-LED enikeza ukukhanya okugqamile nokunemibala eyengeziwe, andisa ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kobuchwepheshe be-LED ngezindlela ezintsha nezijabulisayo.

Umthelela Wezemvelo Nokusimama

Enye yezindawo zokuthengisa eziyinhloko zamalambu entambo ye-LED umthelela wazo oncishisiwe wemvelo uma uqhathaniswa nezinketho zokukhanyisa zendabuko. Ama-LED awagcini nje ngokudla amandla amancane, kodwa futhi ahlala isikhathi eside futhi anesikhathi eside sokuphila, okuholela ekushintshweni okumbalwa kanye nokumosha okuncane. Lokhu kuba nomthelela ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhambisana nokukhiqiza nokulahlwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-LED sekubuye kwaba nobungane ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingezona ubuthi kanye nokwehliswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi njengemercury, avame ukutholakala kumalambu e-fluorescent, amagxathu abalulekile ezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi abaningi be-LED manje sebesebenzisa izindlela nezinto zokwakha eziluhlaza okotshani, okuqhubeka nokunciphisa indawo ezungezile yalezi zibani.

Ukusebenziseka kabusha kwezingxenye ze-LED nakho kwengeza kuphrofayela yazo yokusimama. Izingxenye eziningi zokukhanya kwe-LED, njengezindlu zensimbi nezinye izinhlobo zama-semiconductors, zingagaywa kabusha futhi zisetshenziswe kabusha, kuncishiswe imfucuza. Izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha kwezibani ze-LED ziya ngokuya zisabalala, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi balahle ama-LED amadala noma angalungile ngokuzibophezela.

Izibani zezintambo ze-LED nazo zisekela ukusimama ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo kwamandla. Ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuhumusheka ngokuqondile ekutheni kushiswe amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Lokhu akunciphisi kuphela ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kodwa futhi kusiza ekwehliseni ubunzima kugridi yamandla, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi yamaholide lapho izigidi zemizi nezindawo zomphakathi zihlotshiswe ngezibani, ukonga amandla okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwama-LED kungaba kukhulu.

Ukwengeza, isikhathi eside sokuphila sama-LED sisho ukushintshwa okumbalwa kanye nokukhiqizwa okungajwayelekile, okwehlisa kakhulu umthelela wendawo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-LED ingahlala isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-25 kunesibani se-incandescent futhi iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kunelambu le-compact fluorescent (CFL). Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kulondoloza izinsiza, kunciphisa ukumosha, futhi kukhuthaze indlela eqhubekayo yokukhanyisa.

Izicelo kanye Namandla Esikhathi esizayo Wezibani Zezintambo ze-LED

Ukuguquguquka kwezibani zezintambo ze-LED kubenza bafanelekele uhla olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kusukela emihlobiso yamaholide kanye nemicimbi ekhethekile kuya ekukhanyeni kwezakhiwo nokuma kwezwe, ama-LED anikeza ukuguquguquka okungenakuqhathaniswa nokudala. Usayizi wabo omncane kanye nekhono lokukhipha ukukhanya okugqamile, okugqamile kwenza izibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED zilungele noma yisiphi isimo lapho kufunwa khona ubuhle nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.

Enye yezimakethe ezikhulayo zamalambu entambo ye-LED isendaweni yobuchwepheshe bekhaya elihlakaniphile. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwezici ezihlakaniphile, abathengi bangakwazi ukulawula izibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ngemiyalo yezwi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, noma amasistimu ezishintshayo. Lokhu kuvumela izikimu zokukhanyisa eziqondene nawe ezingashintsha nesizini, isikhathi sosuku, noma ngisho nesimo somcimbi. Ikhono lokuvumelanisa izibani zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ze-LED nomculo, isibonelo, lidala umuzwa ojulile wamaphathi nemibuthano.

Esinye isicelo esisafufusa sikwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yezibani ze-LED. Lezi zibani zisetshenziselwa ukwengeza ukukhanya kwelanga kwemvelo ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezindaweni zokulima zasendlini, okuhlinzeka ngobude obubalulekile bokukhanya obudingekayo ku-photosynthesis. Ukusebenza kahle namandla okwenza ngokwezifiso ama-LED awenza afanelekele le njongo ngokuphelele, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo okunempilo kanye nesivuno esihle.

Uma sibheka ikusasa, singalindela ukuqanjwa okwengeziwe kubuchwepheshe be-LED. Ucwaningo lusaqhubeka mayelana nokuthuthukisa ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kwama-LED, kanye nokuthuthukisa izilawuli nezici ezithuthuke kakhulu. Ngokukhula kwe-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), amalambu entambo ye-LED angase axhumeke nakakhulu, anikeze izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nokwenza ngokwezifiso izindawo zethu zokukhanyisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobunjiniyela kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwezibani ze-LED ezinamandla aphakeme ngisho nangaphezulu, ubude bempilo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha okusafanele sizicabange. Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa obufana nama-micro-LED kanye nentuthuko ekwakhiweni kwe-semiconductor kunesithembiso sezixazululo zokukhanyisa ezihlangene nezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okuvula indlela yokusungula izinto ezizayo.

Sengiphetha, izibani zezintambo ze-LED zimelela ukweqa okubalulekile phambili kubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa. Ngokuqonda isayensi engemuva kwabo, singazazisa kangcono izinzuzo zabo mayelana nokusebenza kahle, ukuphila isikhathi eside, kanye nokuguquguquka. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe be-LED kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zibani zizohlala zihamba phambili ekuxazululeni izibani iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ukuhlotshiswa kwekhaya, ukudala ukubukeka kwemicimbi, noma ngisho nokusiza ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo, izibani zezintambo ze-LED zikhanya ngokugqamile njengobufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu nokusimama.