Inzululwazi ngasemva kwezibane ze-LED: zisebenza njani?

Izibane zeentambo ze-LED ziyamangalisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa bale mihla, ukuguqula izithuba ngobuhle bazo obukhanyayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Nokuba yeyesiganeko somsitho, urhatya oluzolileyo, okanye izibane ezijikeleze ikhaya lakho, ezi zibane zincinci zibamba umtsalane omkhulu. Kodwa ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni ebenza bakhetheke? Yintoni inzululwazi emva kwezi zikhanyiso zinomtsalane? Makhe singene nzulu ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi kwezibane zentambo ze-LED ukuze sityhile iimfihlo ezenza zisebenze kwaye zibe nomtsalane.

Yintoni i-LED?

Embindini wezibane ze-LED yi-LED, okanye i-Light Emitting Diode. Ngokungafaniyo ne-incandescent bulbs, ii-LED azithembeli kwi-filament ukuvelisa ukukhanya. Kunoko, basebenza ngokusekelwe kwiipropati ze-semiconductors. Xa umbane wombane udlula kwizinto ze-semiconductor, ukhupha iiphoton-iipakethi ezincinci zokukhanya-ukudala ukukhanya okubonakalayo.

I-semiconductor esetyenziswa kwii-LED ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe kwizinto ezifana ne-gallium arsenide kunye ne-gallium phosphide. Ubume be-semiconductor bubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo. Yenziwe nge-pn junction, apho icala elithi "p" lizele ngabathwali bentlawulo elungileyo (imingxuma) kunye necala elithi "n" lipakishwe ngabathwali bentlawulo engalunganga (ii-electron). Xa umsinga wombane ugeleza kulo mdibaniso, ii-electron zifuduka zisuka kwicala elithi "n" ziye kwicala elithi "p", ziphinda zidibanise nemingxuma kwaye zikhuphe amandla ngendlela yokukhanya.

Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zee-LED kukusebenza kwazo. Iibhalbhu ze-incandescent zemveli zichitha isixa esibalulekileyo samandla njengobushushu, ngelixa ii-LED zinobuchule ekuguquleni ipesenti ephezulu yamandla ombane ngokuthe ngqo ekukhanyeni. Oku kubangela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphantsi kwinqanaba elifanayo lokuqaqamba kwaye yinto ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izibane zentambo ze-LED zibe lukhetho olukhethiweyo.

Olunye uphawu oluphawulekayo lwee-LED bubomi babo obude. Ngelixa ii-incandescent bulbs zinokuhlala nje amawaka ambalwa eeyure, ii-LED zinokusebenza amashumi amawaka eeyure phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Oku kuhlala ixesha elide, kudityaniswe nokomelela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kwenza izibane ze-LED zibe lutyalo-mali olugqwesileyo kusetyenziso lwexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide.

Zisebenza njani izibane zentambo ze-LED?

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwezibane zomtya we-LED, kubalulekile ukujonga amacandelo asisiseko kunye nokusebenza kwayo yonke inkqubo. Isibane somtya we-LED ngokuqhelekileyo siquka uthotho lwee-LED ezincinci eziqhagamshelwe kuthotho okanye iisekethe ezihambelanayo ecaleni kocingo oluguqukayo.

Ukucwangciswa kwee-wiring kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela izibane ezisebenza ngayo. Kuqwalaselo lothotho, ikhoyo ngoku ihamba nge-LED nganye ngokulandelelana. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba i-LED enye iyasilela, inokuchaphazela yonke intambo, ibangele ukuba ezinye ii-LED ziphume. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji ye-LED, izibane ezininzi zeentambo ze-LED zanamhlanje ziquka indlela ye-shunt evumela ukuba okwangoku kudlule i-LED engaphumeleli, iqinisekisa ukuba ii-LED eziseleyo ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza.

Kuqwalaselo oluhambelanayo, i-LED nganye ixhunyiwe ngokuzimeleyo kumthombo wamandla. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba i-LED enye iyasilela, abanye baya kuqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ngelixa iisekethe ezihambelanayo zinokuntsonkotha ngakumbi kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuphumeza, zibonelela ngokuthembeka okukhulu kwaye zihlala zikhethwa kwizibane ze-LED ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Umthombo wamandla wezibane zentambo ze-LED unokwahluka. Ezinye iintambo zenzelwe ukuplaga ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo zokuphuma eludongeni, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza ngebhetri ukuphatheka. Umbane ofunekayo ukuze usebenze ii-LED uphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo usuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-3 volts nge-LED nganye. Kwiintambo eziplaga kwisixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo sasekhaya, isitshintshi okanye isilungisi sikholisa ukusetyenzwa ukuthoba amandla ombane ukusuka kwi-120 volts AC ukuya kumbane ofanelekileyo weDC ofunwa zii-LEDs.

Izibane zeentambo ze-LED zanamhlanje zihlala ziza kunye neempawu ezongezelelweyo ezifana nokwazi ukufiphala, iindlela zokutshintsha umbala, kunye nokusebenza kokulawula kude. Le misebenzi yenziwa ngokubandakanya i-microcontrollers kunye nezinye izinto ze-elektroniki kwizibane zentambo, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze ukukhanya ukuze kuhambelane nezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwiTekhnoloji ye-LED

Itekhnoloji esemva kwee-LEDs iye yavela kakhulu ukusukela ekuqaleni kwayo. Ii-LED zangaphambili zazilinganiselwe kwizibane ezibomvu ezisezantsi, kodwa namhlanje, ziza ngemibala emininzi kunye nokuqina, zibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi kubathengi. Olu lwandiso kumbala wemibala lubangelwa ikakhulu kukuqhubela phambili kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukudala i-semiconductor kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokwambathisa iphosphor.

Uninzi lwezibane ezimhlophe ze-LED zenziwe kusetyenziswa ii-LED eziblue ezinomaleko we-phosphor coating. Ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhutshwe yi-LED kuvuyisa i-phosphor, ethi yona ikhuphe ukukhanya okutyheli. Ukudityaniswa kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokutyheli kuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe. Le ndlela iyasebenza kwaye iyaguquguquka, ivumela ukuveliswa kobushushu obumhlophe, obumhlophe obupholileyo, kunye nemini ye-LED ngokutshintsha ukubunjwa kwephosphor.

Ukusebenza okuphezulu kungenye indawo apho itekhnoloji ye-LED inemigangatho ephezulu kunye nemida. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha ezinjengokusetyenziswa kweesinki zobushushu ezisebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli ye-semiconductor esebenzayo ngakumbi kuye kwatyhala imida yokusebenza kwamandla kwii-LED. Ii-LED eziphezulu kakhulu ziyakwazi ukuguqula amandla ombane amaninzi ekukhanyeni kunye nokuchithwa okuncinci njengokushisa, ukuguqulela kwiindleko zamandla eziphantsi kunye nekhabhoni encinci.

Ukudityaniswa kwetekhnoloji ehlakaniphile kunye nezibane zentambo ze-LED yenye intuthuko ebalulekileyo. Ii-LED ezihlakaniphile zinokulawulwa ngee-apps ze-smartphone, ezinikezela ngeempawu ezifana nokucwangcisa, ukulungiswa kombala, kunye nokudityaniswa kunye ne-smart ecosystems. Oku akuboneleli nje ngokulula kodwa kongeza umaleko wokusebenza okunokuphucula amava omsebenzisi.

Ngapha koko, uphando kunye nophuhliso kwinkalo ye-Organic LEDs (OLEDs) kunye neQuantum Dot LEDs (QD-LEDs) zibambe isithembiso sokuphumelela ngakumbi. I-OLED iguquguqukayo kwaye inokuvelisa ukukhanya okubukeka kwendalo, ngelixa ii-QD-LED zinika ukukhanya okukhanyayo kunye nokukhanya okumibalabala, ukwandisa usetyenziso olunokwenzeka lweteknoloji ye-LED ngeendlela ezintsha nezinomdla.

Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye noZinzo

Enye yezona ndawo ziphambili zokuthengisa izibane zentambo ye-LED yimpembelelo yazo encitshisiweyo yokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokukhanyisa eziqhelekileyo. Ii-LED azigcini nje ngokudla amandla amancinci, kodwa zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala. Oku kunegalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ehambelana nemveliso kunye nokulahlwa.

Ukuveliswa kwe-LED kuye kwaba nobungane ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo kwiminyaka. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingenayo ityhefu kunye nokunciphisa iikhemikhali ezinobungozi ezifana ne-mercury, ehlala ifumaneka kwizibane ze-fluorescent, yimizila ebalulekileyo kwiindlela zokuvelisa ezizinzileyo. Ngaphezu koko, abaninzi abavelisi be-LED ngoku bamkela iindlela eziluhlaza kunye nemathiriyeli, ngakumbi ukunciphisa indawo yendalo yezi zibane.

Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe amacandelo e-LED nako kongeza kwiprofayili yozinzo. Iindawo ezininzi zokukhanya kwe-LED, njengezindlu zentsimbi kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-semiconductors, zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona, ukunciphisa inkunkuma. Iinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe izibane ze-LED ziya zixhaphaka ngakumbi, zivumela abathengi ukuba balahle ii-LED ezindala okanye ezingalunganga ngokufanelekileyo.

Izibane zeentambo ze-LED zikwaxhasa ukuzinza ngokusebenzisa amandla abo okusebenza kakuhle. Ukwehliswa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kumafutha efosili ambalwa atshiswayo ukwenza umbane. Oku akunciphisi kuphela ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kodwa kukwanceda ekwehliseni ubunzima kwigridi yamandla, ngakumbi ngamaxesha okusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha leeholide xa izigidi zamakhaya neendawo zikawonke-wonke zihonjiswe ngezibane, ukonga umbane ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwee-LED kunokuba nkulu.

Ukongeza, ubomi obude be-LED buthetha ukutshintshwa okumbalwa kunye nokuveliswa rhoqo, okukunciphisa ngakumbi impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-LED inokuhlala ixesha eliphindwe ka-25 kunebhalbhu ye-incandescent kunye namaxesha ali-10 ubude kune-compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Ubomi obude bugcina imithombo yobutyebi, bunciphisa inkcitho, kwaye bukhuthaza indlela ezinzileyo yokukhanyisa.

Izicelo kunye neXesha Elizayo leZibane zeMitya ye-LED

Ukuguquguquka kwezibane zentambo ze-LED kubenza bafanelekele uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ukusuka kwimihlobiso yeeholide kunye neziganeko ezikhethekileyo ukuya kwizakhiwo kunye nokukhanya komhlaba, ii-LED zinika ukuguquguquka okungenakulinganiswa kunye nobuchule. Ubungakanani babo obuncinci kunye nokukwazi ukukhupha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okukhanyayo kwenza izibane zentambo ze-LED zigqibelele kuyo nayiphi na imeko apho isibheno sobuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kufunwa.

Enye yeemarike ezikhulayo zezibane zentambo ze-LED zikwindawo yobugcisa bekhaya elihlakaniphile. Ngokudityaniswa kweempawu ezilumkileyo, abathengi banokulawula izibane zabo zentambo ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo yelizwi, ii -apps, okanye iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo. Oku kuvumela izikimu zokukhanyisa ezenzelwe wena ezinokuthi zitshintshe kunye nexesha lonyaka, ixesha lemini, okanye imo yesiganeko. Ukukwazi ukuvumelanisa izibane zentambo ye-LED kunye nomculo, umzekelo, kudala amava antywilayo kumaqela kunye neendibano.

Esinye isicelo esivelayo sezolimo, ngokukodwa kwindlela yokukhulisa izibane ze-LED. Ezi zibane zisetyenziselwa ukongeza ukukhanya kwelanga kwizindlu zokugcina izityalo kunye nezicwangciso zokulima zangaphakathi, ukubonelela ngamaza okukhanya okufunekayo kwi-photosynthesis. Ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobuchule bokwenza ngokwezifiso ii-LED zibenza bafanelekele ngokugqibeleleyo le njongo, okukhokelela ekukhuleni kwezityalo okunempilo kunye nezivuno eziphuculweyo.

Ukujonga kwikamva, sinokulindela izinto ezintsha ngakumbi kubuchwephesha be-LED. Uphando luyaqhuba ekwandiseni ukuqina kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwee-LEDs, kunye nokuphuhlisa ulawulo oluphezulu kunye neempawu. Ngokunyuka kwe-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT), izibane zeentambo ze-LED zinokudityaniswa ngakumbi, zibonelela ngeendlela ezintsha zokusebenzisana kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso iimeko zethu zokukhanyisa.

Ngaphaya koko, ukuqhubela phambili kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobunjineli kunokukhokelela kuphuhliso lwezibane ze-LED kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ubomi obude, kunye nezicelo ezintsha esingekacingi. Itekhnoloji ekhulayo efana ne-micro-LEDs kunye nenkqubela phambili kuyilo lwe-semiconductor ibambe isithembiso sezisombululo zokukhanya ezixineneyo nezisebenzayo, zivula indlela yobuchule bexesha elizayo.

Ukuqukumbela, izibane zentambo ze-LED zibonisa ukutsiba okubalulekileyo phambili kwitekhnoloji yokukhanyisa. Ngokuqonda isayensi emva kwabo, sinokuzixabisa ngcono iingenelo zabo ngokusebenza kakuhle, ubomi obude, kunye nokuguquguquka. Ukuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kwitekhnoloji ye-LED kuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zibane ziya kuhlala ziphambili kwizisombululo zokukhanyisa kwiminyaka ezayo. Nokuba ziphucula ukuhonjiswa kwekhaya, ukudala i-ambiance kwimisitho, okanye nokunceda kwimveliso yezolimo, izibane zentambo ze-LED zikhanya ngokuqaqambileyo njengobungqina bobuchule bomntu kunye nokuzinza.